Biography Polymath Inventor Jagadish Chandra Bose

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose was an Indian polymath whose contributions to a wide range of scientific fields, including physics, botany, and biology, made him one of the most celebrated scientists and researchers of the modern age. Bose (no relationship with the modern American audio equipment company) pursued selfless research and experimentation without any desire for personal enrichment or fame, and the research and inventions he produced in his lifetime laid the basis for much of our modern existence, including our understanding of plant life, radio waves, and semiconductors. Early Years Bose was born in 1858 in what is now Bangladesh. At the time in history, the country was part of the British Empire. Although born into a prominent family with some means, Bose’s parents took the unusual step of sending their son to a â€Å"vernacular† school—a school taught in Bangla, which he studied side-by-side with children from other economic situations—instead of a prestigious English-language school. Bose’s father believed people should learn their own language before a foreign language, and he wished his son to be in touch with his own country. Bose would later credit this experience with both his interest in the world around him and his firm belief in the equality of all people. As a teenager, Bose attended St. Xavier’s School and then St. Xavier’s College in what was then called Calcutta; he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from this well-regarded school in 1879. As a bright, well-educated British citizen, he traveled to London to study medicine at the University of London, but suffered from ill-health thought to be exacerbated by the chemicals and other aspects of medical work, and so quit the program after just a year. He continued on at the University of Cambridge in London, where he earned another BA (Natural Sciences Tripos) in 1884, and at the University London, earning a Bachelor of Science degree that same year (Bose would later earn his Doctor of Science degree from the University of London in 1896). Academic Success and Struggle Against Racism After this illustrious education, Bose returned home, securing a position as an Assistant Professor of Physics at Presidency College in Calcutta in 1885 (a post he held until 1915). Under the rule of the British, however, even institutions in India itself were terribly racist in their policies, as Bose was shocked to discover. Not only was he not given any equipment or lab space with which to pursue research, he was offered a salary that was much lower than his European colleagues. Bose protested this unfairness by simply refusing to accept his salary. For three years he refused payment and taught at the college without any pay whatsoever, and managed to conduct research on his own in his small apartment. Finally, the college belatedly realized they had something of a genius on their hands, and not only offered him a comparable salary for his fourth year at the school, but also paid him the three years back salary at the full rate as well. Scientific Fame and Selflessness During Bose’s time at Presidency College his fame as a scientist grew steadily as he worked on his research in two important areas: Botany and Physics. Bose’s lectures and presentations caused a great amount of excitement and occasional furor, and his inventions and conclusions derived from his research helped shape the modern world we know and benefit from today. And yet Bose not only chose not to profit from his own work, he adamantly refused to even try. He purposefully avoided filing for patents on his work (he only filed for one, after pressure from friends, and even let that one patent expire), and encouraged other scientists to build on and use his own research. As a result other scientists are closely associated with invention such as radio transmitters and receivers despite Bose’s essential contributions. Crescograph and Plant Experiments In the later 19th century when Bose took up his research, scientists believed that plants relied on chemical reactions to transmit stimuli—for example, damage from predators or other negative experiences. Bose proved via experimentation and observation that plant cells actually used electrical impulses just like animals when reacting to stimuli. Bose invented the Crescograph, a device that can measure minute reactions and changes in plant cells at tremendous magnifications, in order to demonstrate his discoveries. In a famous 1901 Royal Society Experiment he demonstrated that a plant, when its roots were placed in contact with poison, reacted—on a microscopic level—in a very similar fashion to an animal in similar distress. His experiments and conclusions caused an uproar, but were quickly accepted, and Bose’s fame in scientific circles was assured. The Invisible Light: Wireless Experiments with Semiconductors Bose has often been called the â€Å"Father of WiFi† due to his work with shortwave radio signals and semiconductors. Bose was the first scientist to understand the benefits of short-waves in radio signals; shortwave radio can very easily reach vast distances, while longer-wave radio signals require line-of-sight and cannot travel as far. One problem with wireless radio transmission in those early days was allowing devices to detect radio waves in the first place; the solution was the coherer, a device which had been envisioned years before but which Bose vastly improved; the version of the coherer he invented in 1895 was a major advancement in radio technology. A few years later, in 1901, Bose invented the first radio device to implement a semiconductor (a substance that is a very good conductor of electricity in one direction and a very poor one in the other). The Crystal Detector (sometimes referred to as a â€Å"cat’s whiskers† due to the thin metal wire used) became the basis for the first wave of widely-used radio receivers, referred to as crystal radios. In 1917, Bose established the Bose Institute in Calcutta, which today is the oldest research institute in India. Considered the founding father of modern scientific research in India, Bose oversaw operations at the Institute until his death in 1937. Today it continues to perform groundbreaking research and experiments, and also houses a museum honoring the achievements of Jagadish Chandra Bose—including many of the devices he built, which are still operational today. Death and Legacy Bose passed away on November 23, 1937, in Giridih, India. He was 78 years old. He had been knighted in 1917, and elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1920. Today there is an impact crater on the Moon named after him. He is regarded today as a foundational force in both electromagnetism and biophysics. In addition to his scientific publications, Bose made a mark in literature as well. His short story The Story of the Missing, composed in response to a contest hosted by a hair-oil company, is one of the earliest works of science fiction. Written in both Bangla and English, the story hints at aspects of Chaos Theory and the Butterfly Effect that wouldn’t reach the mainstream for another few decades, making it an important work in the history of science fiction in general and Indian literature specifically. Quotes â€Å"The poet is intimate with truth, while the scientist approaches awkwardly.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I have sought permanently to associate the advancement of knowledge with the widest possible civic and public diffusion of it; and this without any academic limitations, henceforth to all races and languages, to both men and women alike, and for all time coming.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Not in matter but in thought, not in possessions nor even in attainments but in ideals, is to be found the seed of immortality. Not through material acquisition but in generous diffusion of ideas and ideals can the true empire of humanity be established.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"They would be our worst enemy who would wish us to live only on the glories of the past and die off from the face of the earth in sheer passivity. By continuous achievement alone we can justify our great ancestry. We do not honour our ancestors by the false claim that they are omniscient and had nothing more to learn.† Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose  Fast Facts Born:  November 30,  1858 Died: November  23,  1937 Parents:  Bhagawan Chandra Bose  and  Bama Sundari Bose​ Lived in:  Present-day Bangladesh,  London,  Calcutta, Giridih Spouse: Abala Bose Education:  BA from  St. Xavier’s College  in  1879,  University of London (medical school, 1 year), BA from  University of Cambridge  in  Natural Sciences Tripos  in 1884, BS at University London in 1884, and  Doctor of Science  University of London  in 1896. Key Accomplishments/Legacy:  Invented the  Crescograph and  the Crystal Detector.  Significant contributions to electromagnetism,  biophysics,  shortwave radio signals, and  semiconductors. Established the Bose Institute in Calcutta.  Authored the  science fiction piece The Story of the Missing.

The Case For Working With Your Hands By Mathew B. Crawford

Why is it that in today’s society people only think that a person can be successful if they have a degree from a higher education? In the article â€Å"The Case for Working With Your Hands† author Mathew B. Crawford talks about his life as a mechanic and the decisions and revelations that got him there. Crawford claims that a good job can be defined to meet an individual’s passions and to see the â€Å"effects of the world† (Crawford). Crawford is saying that a person does not have to have a degree to have a good job. With Crawford’s claim, in the article titled â€Å"The Case for Working With Your Hands,† that a person should find a job that satisfies their own passions and desires I would agree with the author’s stance based on my own personal experiences as well as his information he presents. To start off, the article â€Å"The Case for Working With Your Hands† is about Matthew B. Crawford and his decision to start a car re pair shop after getting his Ph. D in political philosophy. Crawford starts off the article by discussing a television show called â€Å"Deadliest Catch,† and how in today’s society many people can never see the effects they are having in their career. He goes on by creating a stance that in today’s society many people assume that a student must attend a college or university to achieve a overall success instead of following their â€Å"own inclinations† (Crawford, Matthew). Crawford talks about how he chose to open up a motorcycle shop to work as a mechanic instead of getting aShow MoreRelatedThe Case For Working With Your Hands By Mathew B. Crawford865 Words   |  4 Pageseducation? In the article â€Å"The Case for Working With Your Hands† author Mathew B. Crawford talks about his life as a mechanic and the decisions and revelations that got him there. Crawford claims that a good job is defined to meet an individual’s passion and to see the â€Å"effects of the world† (Crawford). Crawford is saying that a person does not have to have a degree to have a good job. With Crawford’s claim, in the article titled â€Å"The Case for Working With Your Hands,† that a person should find aRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesFirst Edition Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, Information Technology, Seventh Edition Gehrlein, Operations Management Cases, First Edition Harrison and Samson, Technology Management, First Edition Hayen, SAP R/3 Enterprise Software: An Introduction, First Edition Hill, Manufacturing Strategy: Text Cases, Third Edition Hopp, Supply Chain Science, First Edition Hopp and Spearman, Factory Physics, Third Edition Jacobs, Berry, Whybark, and Vollmann ManufacturingRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManaging Change 121 121 147 147 Text 3. Why Organizations Change Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. Initiating Change 174 174 Text iii Cases 221 221 225 The Consolidated Life Case: Caught Between Corporate Cultures Who’s in Charge? (The)(Jim)(Davis)(Case) Morin−Jarrell †¢ Driving Shareholder Value I. Valuation 229 229 253 279 1. The Value−Based Management Framework: An Overview 2. Why Value Value? 4. The Value Manager Harvard BusinessRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesshould be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( 44) 1865 843830, fax: ( 44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library The Case For Working With Your Hands By Mathew B. Crawford Why is it that in today’s society, people merely believe that a person can be successful if they have a degree from a higher education? In the article â€Å"The Case for Working With Your Hands† author Mathew B. Crawford talks about his life as a mechanic and the decisions and revelations that got him there. Crawford claims that a good job is defined to meet an individual’s passion and to see the â€Å"effects of the world† (Crawford). Crawford is saying that a person does not have to have a degree to have a good job. With Crawford’s claim, in the article titled â€Å"The Case for Working With Your Hands,† that a person should find a job that satisfies their own passions and desires I would agree with the author’s stance based on my own personal experiences as well as his information he presents. To start off, the article â€Å"The Case for Working With Your Hands† is about Matthew B. Crawford and his decision to start a car r epair shop after getting his Ph. D in political philosophy. Crawford starts off the article by discussing a television show called â€Å"Deadliest Catch,† and how in today’s society, many people can never see the effects they are having in their career. He goes on by creating a stance that in today’s society, many people will assume that a student must attend a college or university to achieve an overall success instead of following their â€Å"own inclinations† (Crawford, Matthew). Crawford talks about how he chose to open up a motorcycle shop to work as a mechanic instead ofShow MoreRelatedThe Case For Working With Your Hands By Mathew B. Crawford869 Words   |  4 Pageseducation? In the article â€Å"The Case for Working With Your Hands† author Mathew B. Crawford talks about his life as a mechanic and the decisions and revelations that got him there. Crawford claims that a good job can be defined to meet an individual’s passions and to see the â€Å"effects of the world† (Crawford). Crawford is saying that a person does not have to have a degree to have a good job. With Crawford’s claim, in the article titled â€Å"The Case for Working With Your Hands,† that a person should findRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesFirst Edition Fitzsimmons and Fitzsimmons, Service Management: Operations, Strategy, Information Technology, Seventh Edition Gehrlein, Operations Management Cases, First Edition Harrison and Samson, Technology Management, First Edition Hayen, SAP R/3 Enterprise Software: An Introduction, First Edition Hill, Manufacturing Strategy: Text Cases, Third Edition Hopp, Supply Chain Science, First Edition Hopp and Spearman, Factory Physics, Third Edition Jacobs, Berry, Whybark, and Vollmann ManufacturingRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesManaging Change 121 121 147 147 Text 3. Why Organizations Change Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. Initiating Change 174 174 Text iii Cases 221 221 225 The Consolidated Life Case: Caught Between Corporate Cultures Who’s in Charge? (The)(Jim)(Davis)(Case) Morin−Jarrell †¢ Driving Shareholder Value I. Valuation 229 229 253 279 1. The Value−Based Management Framework: An Overview 2. Why Value Value? 4. The Value Manager Harvard BusinessRead MoreStrategic Marketing Management337596 Words   |  1351 Pagesshould be addressed to the publisher Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: ( 44) 1865 843830, fax: ( 44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.co.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (www.elsevier.com), by selecting ‘Customer Support’ and then ‘Obtaining Permissions’ British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library

Essay on Presidential Power in a National Crisis - 1211 Words

Presidential Power in a National Crisis Presidents of the United States take an oath to uphold the Constitution. In times of crisis, however, presidents are tempted to circumvent the spirit of the Constitution in the name of political expediency. The president of the United States of America is frequently under pressure, which could be for something as simple as dealing with his wife (especially if shes running for the US Senate), but usually the problem is more extensive. Then, the whole nation is affected, and the problem becomes a national crisis. A widespread panic is possible. The president must propose a plan to aid his nation while keeping the public under control. Lincoln. Roosevelt and Truman proposed bills to stop or prevent†¦show more content†¦The writ is a fundamental cornerstone of due legal process and can only be disregarded in times of civil emergency. The general didnt want to go to court and sent staff Colonel Lee with John Merryman. Lee appeared before Judge Taney and stated that the general w as busy with other matters (Sandburg 247). The colonel read a statement from Gen. Cadwalader asserting: John Merryman was charged with treason and was known for holding a commission as a lieutenant in a company in their possession armed hostility against the government (Sandburg 247). The generals statement added the president would also authorize a suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. President Lincoln sent word to Chief Justice Taney, explaining that it was his duty to authorize the commanding generals suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in the name of public safety (Sandburg 247). Congress resumed on August 6th, while Lincoln was making the final measures of his plan (Sandburg 247). The North and South were in a mammoth argument concerning the arrests of southern civil leaders. Without the writ of habeas corpus, there was no need to tell the south why the civil leaders were being held in custody. The war was now ready to begin, and the north and south would eventually be reunited. We can thank Lincoln for provoking the conflict. The suspension of the writ of habeas corpus was wrong and somewhat against the constitution.Show MoreRelatedResolutions For Amending The Constitution On Election Of The President1263 Words   |  6 Pagesand counterattacks. Personal insults. Outrageous newspaper invective. Dire predictions of warfare and national collapse. Innovative new forms of politicking capitalizing on a growing technology. As much as this seems to describe our present-day presidential contests, it actually describes an election more than two hundred years past. The presidential election of 1800 was an angry, dirty, crisis-ridden contest that seemed to threaten the nation’s very survival. A bitter partisan battle between FederalistRead MoreThe American Foreign Policy During The Vietnam War1016 Words   |  5 PagesArmy, was killed in action at the age of 27. In Andrew Bacevich s The Limits of Power, he argues that the utterly corrupt American Foreign Policy was caused by presidential imperialism and the implemented National Security system that controlled the formulation and delivery of the American Foreign Policy throughout the Cold War. The alliance between the presidency and National Security originated with the National Security Council Report 68, also known as simply NSC-68, which was presented to TrumanRead MoreThe Presidential Election Of 1980 Essay1442 Words   |  6 PagesTuesday, 4 November 1980, The United States presidential election of 1980 was held. The competition was between incumbent Democratic President Jimmy Carter and his opponent, former Californian Republican Governor, Ronald Reagan. Reagan, assisted by a falling economy complicated by inflation and high unemployment, and the Iran hostage crisis, Reagan would win the election in a sweep, receiving the largest number of electoral votes ever tallied by a presidenti al candidate not currently in office. JimmyRead MoreThe Separation Of Powers Is Unnecessary And Obsolete1746 Words   |  7 PagesI. The separation of powers is unnecessary and obsolete: Affirmative The separation of powers is based on the assumptions that there would be a balance of power and an equal distribution of information. Those assumptions are no longer valid. First, Congress’ increasing polarization has weakened that body and unbalanced the separation of powers. Its’ newfound inefficiencies create a power vacuum that must be filled. Second, globalization has had a tremendous domestic impact. As foreign affairs andRead MoreThe Bill Of Rights Of The United States1665 Words   |  7 Pagesand entities are accountable to laws that are: publicly promulgated, equally enforced, independently adjudicated, and consistent with international human rights principles. The United States, as a democratic republic, derives ultimate authority and power from the citizens and runs the government through elected officials. Our elected officials follow the same rule of law as the people they govern, and it is the electorate’s hope that the laws they enforce are inevi tably followed. However, this is notRead MoreUkraine : The Largest Country Of Eastern Europe1085 Words   |  5 Pagescrucial position. Their territory reaches far into modern Russia, but it shares borders with many EU members, including Poland and Hungary. This leads to political crisis between the East and West. Eastern Ukraine fell under Russian imperial rule by the late 17th century. Western Ukraine spent centuries under the constant change of European powers like Poland and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The western third of Ukraine was part of Poland for many years which led up to World War II. Parts of western UkraineRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst time nuclear war was hanging on a thread. The Cuban Missile Crisis presented a threat to the world, in which the USSR planted nuclear missiles on Cuba. America’s response was to threaten launching nuclear missiles at the Russians. This incident launched the world into a new time, whi ch presented nuclear weapons as a source of power. The incident of the Cuban Missile Crisis still connects with us today because the power nuclear weapons present, which provides incentives for countries toRead MoreThe Power to Persuade Essay1028 Words   |  5 Pagesdiscussed model of presidential power, Richard Neustadt states that the power of the president lies in the power to persuade. 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OverRead MoreAnalysis Of Presidential Leadership During Times Of Crisis And Disaster1645 Words   |  7 PagesAn analysis of presidential leadership during times of crisis and disaster reveals that the presidential role of leadership is tested in different aspects. These aspects range from natural disasters to other federal funded emergencies. The outcome of that disaster is depended on the president’s leadership capabilities. 9/11 and Hurricane Katrina were catalysts for the analysis of presidential leadership and management within the Bush Administration. This analysis brought about great criticism and

Barbara Kingsolver Free Essays

Barbara Kingsolver’s novel called The Poisonwood Bible beautifully illustrates the lessons learned in a journey that is both physical and metaphysical. As this family travels from Bethlehem, Georgia to the Congo, Africa in order for Nathan, the father, to become a missionary, they each take their own journey of gargantuan proportions. As each character takes very different ideas out of their experiences in Africa, the reader too, is able to experience Africa from the vantage point of multiple narrators. We will write a custom essay sample on Barbara Kingsolver or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kingsolver asks the reader from the very beginning to take the journey with this family. â€Å"Oh, but I know better and so do you†¦Take your place then. look at what happened from every side and consider all the ways it could have gone† (Kingsolver 8). In an interview from Book Page, Kingsolver offers some explanation for looking at history. â€Å"We can never know, never look at history with anything but a narrow and distorted window,† says the author. We can never know the whole truth, only what’s been recorded for us and what our cultural and political predisposition understands. Leah says history is never much more than a mirror we can tilt to look at ourselves† (Kanner). Many members journey from Georgia to the Congo and from ignorance to understanding. In the first section called â€Å"The Things They Carried,† Kingsolver shows the characters packing all the necessary things that they carry into the Congo on this journey. They hide objects in their waistbands that they can’t live without, like band-aids, scissors, cake mixes, and more. The cake solidifies before they are even able to attempts to use it. Before they even get there, Leah realizes these objects weigh her down. What hey realize is that they don’t â€Å"need† any of the objects they brought with them, and that our concept of need is warped by our culture. These possessions stand out against the items of the Congo. The demonstration garden is a symbol that shows many characteristics of this journey of ignorance and understanding. Nathan’s purpose in the demonstration garden is to show the Congolese agricultural techniques. This garden is symbolic of the attitude that the family carries into the Congo. they believe that their way is superior and Africans are hopelessly backward. However, the plants that they bring are inappropriate to Africa as are the attitudes of the family. The plants are useless; they bear no fruit just like the attitudes of the family. When Mama Tataba tries to advise Nathan, he cannot heed her advice because he believes the Congolese are so backward that she doesn’t know what she is talking about. It never occurs to him that there are reasons other than â€Å"backwardness† as to why there is no agriculture in Kilanga. The journey continues as more attitudes change throughout the course of the novel. Adah believes that it is so terrible that so many children and adults die in Africa of things we can cure. So people like her have brought medicines and inoculations. However, this leads to overpopulation and food shortages and more. Another lesson the family learns on this journey is that human beings cannot change the balance of nature. Nature always finds a way to retain its own balance. Not all characters succeed in taking the journey. Nathan Price never â€Å"sees the light† of his journey. He arrogantly believes that he can change these ancient traditions to his own, and this would be for the betterment of everyone. His way of life is simply superior, but he is blind in so many ways. He actually is physically almost-blind in one eye because of an old war wound. He is figuratively blind to anyone outside his own version of his divine mission. He then loses sight temporally by ignoring Mama’s advice about the poisonwood tree. Kingsolver ultimately longs for the reader to make this journey as well, a journey to explore what really happened in the Congo. She wants the reader to question what we did in the Congo and how we respond to its destruction. This is why we hear the story from five different narrators. There is no right answer; there is only the journey of exploring the possibilities. Orleana is paralyzed at the end of the book. Rachel refuses to accept any part. Leah becomes an activist, attempting to right the wrongs of the world. Adah responds with science, wanting to figure out and understand her world. What this family’s ultimate â€Å"journey† becomes is one of arrogance and superiority to one of understanding and open-mindedness. â€Å"We aimed for no more than to have dominion over every creature that moved upon the earth. And so it came to pass that we stepped down there on a place we believed unformed, where only darkness moved on the face of the waters. Now you laugh, day and night, while you gnaw on my bones. But what else could we have thought? Only that it began and ended with us. What do we know, even now? Ask the children. Look at what they grew up to be. We can only speak of the things we carried with us, and the things we took away† (Kingsolver 10) Works Cited Kanner, Ellen, Barbara Kingsolver turns to her past to understand the present. 1998 Retrieved June 3, 2007. from First Person Book Page site http://www. bookpage. com/9811bp/barbara_kingsolver. html Kingsolver. Barbara, The Poisonwood Bible. HarperCollins, Canada. 2005. How to cite Barbara Kingsolver, Papers

Nucleosynthesis Essay Example For Students

Nucleosynthesis Essay The big bang which created the universe, only created the elements Hydrogen (H) and Helium (He) and possibly a very small amount of Lithium (Li). However, a glance at the periodic table of the elements shows that today (some 15 billion years after the big bang) there are at least 108 known elements. Every atom of every element heavier than Li has been produced since the big bang! The factories which make these elements are stars. Nucleosynthesis or the synthesis of nuclei, is the process by which stars (which start out consisting mostly of H and He) produce all other elements. The key is nuclear fusion, in which small nuclei are joined together to form a larger nucleus. (This contrasts with nuclear fission, in which a large nucleus breaks apart to form two smaller nuclei). Fusion requires an extremely large amount of energy (see fig. 1), and can typically only take place in the centers of stars. FIGURE 1a) Low energy proton is strongly repelled by the 7Be nucleus.b) High energy proton moves so fast that it can strike the 7Be nucleus. Once the proton touches the nucleus, it has a chance to stick. If the proton sticks, the 7Be becomes a 8B nucleus.c) 8B is radioactive and changes into 8Be plus a positron (b+) and a neutrino (n). 8Be is itself radioactive, and almost immediately breaks into two 4He nuclei. Protons repel each other. This repulsion becomes stronger as the protons get closer together (just like when you try to stick two magnets together north to north, or south to south. Try this! As you push the magnets closer together, it becomes harder to do). However, if the protons can actually touch each other, they have a chance to stick together! This is because of the strong nuclear force which attracts nucleons (protons or neutrons) together, and is much stronger (at close range) than the electromagnetic force repulsion that makes protons repel other protons. (Magnets do not do this: two like poles will never stick together). In order to get a proton to strike another proton (or a nucleus that contains several protons) they must be traveling at high relative speeds; if their closing velocity is not great enough, they will never get close enough to stick together, because they strongly repel each other. But, just as you can make two of the same magnetic poles touch each other by providing sufficient force, so too can protons touch when they have sufficient relative speed. This can take place in the center of the sun, where the temperature is extremely high. Temperature is related to atomic motion: the hotter something is, the faster its atoms are moving see demo food coloring in water. Table 1 shows the nuclear reactions that are taking place in our sun, as well as nuclear reactions that take place in stars that are either older than our sun, or hotter than our sun. The reactions in columns 2 and 3 occur after a star has entered the red giant phase. How fast a star evolves to this point depends on its mass: stars heavier than the sun can reach this phase in less than 5 billion years (the age of the sun) whereas stars with about our suns mass take about 10 billion years to get there. The particles you may be unfamiliar with are: n the neutrino, g a gamma ray (high energy light wave), and b+ the positron (the antimatter version of the electron). TABLE 1. NUCLEAR REACTIONS IN STARSOUR SUN NOW OLDER, OR HOTTER STARSp + p 2H + b+ + n 4He + 4He 8Be + g 12C + p 13N + g2H + p 3He + g 8Be + 4He 12C + g 13N 13C + b+ + n3He + 3He 4He + p + p 12C + 4He 16O + g T1/2 = 10 min16O + 4He 20Ne + g 13C + p 14N + g3He + 4He 7Be + g 20Ne + 4He 24Mg + g 14N + p 15O + g7Be + p 8B + g 15O 15N + b+ + n8B 8Be + b+ + n T1/2 = 120 ms8Be 4He + 4He 15N + p 12C + 4HeHe burning (core) H burning shellIn our sun, the first three nuclear reactions shaded} are the major source of energy. The second group (of four) reactions also occur in the sun, but much less frequently than the first group (which is called the p-p chain). In both cases, the fuel (hydrogen) is converted into the product (helium), and energy (in the form of heat and light) is produced. The third column of reactions is called the CNO cycle, because carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and oxygen (O) are produced and C is recycled. The CNO reaction cycle is now occurring in the sun (the energy required fo r these reactions is roughly the same as that required for the p-p chain) because the sun had carbon to begin with (it hasnt made any C yet!). Since the sun had carbon present when it formed, it is referred to as a later generation star. The first generation of stars contained only H, He and Li from the big bang. Later generation stars contain material that has been processed in other stars. As a star like the sun evolves, a vast amount of H is consumed, and a vast amount of 4He is produced. This 4He can not combine with other 4He because this reaction requires more energy than is available, i.e. the 4He nuclei are not moving fast enough. However, as the 4He accumulates in the stars core, the pressure rises (which causes the temperature to rise since the core consists of gas). With increased temperature, more energy becomes available, and the star eventually reaches a point where the second column of above reactions can occur; this is called He burning. As we proceed down the second column, the reactions become increasingly less likely since they require increasing amounts of energy. This is because all nuclei have a positive electric charge, and like charges repel each other. The bigger the charge, the stronger the repulsion. This set of reactions can not produce any nucleus heavier than Fe (iron, atomic number 26). Again, a brief glance at the periodic table reveals th at there are many elements heavier than Fe; these are also produced in stars, but not by any kind of fusion reaction. What takes us beyond Fe are two nucleosynthetic processes, called the s-process and the r-process. Summary of â€Å"The Boston Photographs† Sample EssayThe word rapid is actually an understatement; it could be called explosive; the r-process occurs in supernova explosions! Heres how it works: Before a supernova, a star has produced an excessive amount of 56Fe. This accumulates in the core (recall that we cant go beyond 56Fe with fusion). As always, there is a battle between gravity (which tries to compact the core) and heat (which tries to expand the core). Eventually, after enough 56Fe is produced, gravity wins. When the Fe core collapses, it does so dramatically, and generates pressures which are truly incredible. The pressure is so great that the orbital electrons are pushed into their nucleus! Thus in one incredible electron capture reaction, all of the Fe in the core is converted to neutrons (1.4 solar masses worth!). An implosion shock wave reaches the cores center and rebounds. As it does so, it sweeps vast numbers of neutrons out with it, and they smash into the m atter above them. Now the neutron absorptions occur rapidly enough to bridge the gap out to nuclides like 70Zn. In fact, they happen rapidly enough to bridge the gap from Bi to the heavier elements (we know that 244Pu existed in the early solar system. This means that a 209Bi nucleus would have to absorb at least 35 neutrons before any a decay could occur!). Thus in one brief event, lasting at most only a few seconds, we produce all known elements heavier than Fe. Appendix (applications)There is an interesting application of s-process branching, through which we can roughly calculate the temperature that existed inside a red giant star even though the star exploded almost five billion years ago!The key is that dust is produced in the atmospheres of red giant stars, and the unique isotopic distributions of the elements made in the star are frozen in as solids. These dust grains survive to the present day, preserved in primitive meteorites see Interstellar Grains module. Lets look at the specific example of 85Kr to see how this remote thermometer works. Our bodies, at a temperature of about 40 C (100 F) give off infrared radiation which can be seen with special cameras. A log in a fire, at a temperature of about 600 C (1100 F) glows red. Molten metal in a furnace, at a temperature of about 1500 C (2700 F) shines with intense white light. Thus as temperature increases, the radiation (light) emitted becomes more energetic (changes color to shorter wavelengths) as well as more intense (more photons emitted per second). This is basically a result of the increased energy of the atomic collisions in the hot material see Blackbody Radiation module. For temperatures characteristic of star cores (hundreds of millions of C) the collisions produce nuclear reactions as well as an abundant supply of high energy gamma rays. When these gammas are absorbed by a nucleus, they can make the nucleus transition to an excited energy state (just as visible or ultraviolet light can make an atomic electron transition to a higher orbital. This is the first s tep in making a laser beam). As we saw in figure 1 of the Radioactive Decay module, 85Kr has a metastable excited state which is only 0.305 MeV above the ground state (a fairly small energy when considering nuclear transitions). The temperature in the star will dictate how much of the 85Kr present will be in its excited state (the temperature determines the number of photons and their energy distribution. This together with the amount of 85Kr nuclei present in the star (which can be roughly calculated) gives the amount of 85Kr nuclei which should be in the first excited state.) But from figure 2 of the Radioactive Decay module, we see that this excited state has a much shorter half-life than the ground state (4.48 hours vs. 10.7 years) and that this excited state can decay directly to 85Rb. Thus the more 85Kr that can reach this excited state, the shorter its effective half-life will be. Finally figure 2 of this module shows that 85Kr is a branch point on the s-process path. The 10.7 year half-life of 85Kr is su fficiently long that many nuclei will absorb a neutron to become 86Kr. However, a half-life of 4.48 hours is not long enough to absorb another neutron before beta decay (which happens 79% of the time from this excited state) and will not produce 86Kr. Therefore, the amount of 86Kr present in a dust grain tells us what percentage of the 85Kr absorbed a neutron, which in turn tells us the temperature that existed inside the star. This is a difficult idea. If you understood it, then you really understood this module

Pros and Cons of Rap Music Essay Example For Students

Pros and Cons of Rap Music Essay Conclusion Rap Music :Misinterpreted art form In a world with mass cultural diversity, it is unfair to blame Just one brand of music for all societies of crimes. Nonetheless, rap music is not a menace to society. Rap music as a whole is very motivating and has definite capabilities involved in rap music such as Cool, Naughty by nature, Queen Latvia, and Will Smith. Still there are many people that feel rap music should be banned from television and the radio. Only if we as a society can comet ether to accept each others culture, will rap music be accepted by everyone. Just like any other type of music there will always be critics, but who are the critics? Is it the parents of today or the media? In every industry there are always problems that exist. Like many Businesses there are always bad people involved, and sometimes they influence other people to follow them. Rap music is one of the nations top selling music industry and some of the artists are Just in it for the money. They have no care for what the art of rap music or poetry represents. In addition, they will do anything to make money, even if it means degrade their own ace. But who is to blame for this problem? Social acceptance is my goal and in order for me to reach it , I will have to answer the questions ,what is rap , who founded it, and how much influence does the news media have upon rap music. Just like any other art form Rap music displays a clear view of how young urban black and Hispanics in the mid-asss of New York City expressed themselves. Rap was associated with an athletic style of dancing known as break dancing. The word rap derived from sasss slang word for conversation, generally consisting of chanted, often-improvised street poetry followed by a huge recording usually disco or funk. At Rap Music By Pardoner Contributor Rap Music: A Misinterpreted Art Form By Enoch Noel Submitted to Ms. Jones Cot. 9, violence. While others admire rap as an inventive manipulation of cultural slang that gives society an acute social and political awareness. (Columbia Encyclopedia) Some early performers were Grand Master Flash and the Beastie Boys and Run DMS. According Ron Walters a professor of political science, at Howard University. ) There are a lot of frustrations in this generation. When you take to these young people you understand that is where this expression is coming from. It is honest are form. Rap music and its complex rhythms have long been a form of communication. The very root of rap and hip-hop is the rhythm in the words as well as in the music that accompanies it. One could make up a rap about the man on the moon or how good his DC was. The main goal was to be accepted as the deft (good) by ones peers. The fact that the praises and positive affirmatives a rapper received were on the par with any other urban role model. This unusual style is what makes rap music so efferent. But many parents feel that rap music Just influences their kids to lead a negative lifestyles. For example, the President of the National Political Congress of Black Woman, Mrs.. Dolores C. Tucker, is sending a strong message to the music industry. Shes not taking it any more from rappers who spit out word such as Pitch and Where. (Redbrick). With people like that against rap music it would be hard for parents to accept rap music. Most parent feels that rap is degrading. According to Rev. Joseph Lowery these rappers are sacrificing their dignity and respect of black omen for the almighty dollar. (Redbrick). But Mr.. .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08 , .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08 .postImageUrl , .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08 , .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08:hover , .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08:visited , .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08:active { border:0!important; } .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08:active , .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08 .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1ede917faac9e923784d62b53e312e08:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Music and the American Culture EssayWilliam Red Jackson a retired sociology teacher feels that Rap can be interpreted for either the good or the bad it depends on the individual (personal interview September 16). What Mr.. Jackson has stated, is clearly the approach each and every parent should take towards rap. That is why most kids like rap music, because of raps originality. It allows his/ her to show their personality for example, in songs like Mo Money Mo Problems by the late Notorious BIG is one illustration of how a rapper can take simple problems of society ND then turn them into a grooving top seller. Another song written by the late Tuba Shaker is I wonder if heaven got a Ghetto. This song answers the question of reality for many youths. It also explains what it is like living in the ghetto in the asss. Many youths like rap music simply because it allows one to rap about anything on their mind. If the rapper were laid back they could rap at a slow pace. And if they were angry they could rap at a fast pace. No two rappers rapped the same even when reciting the same rhyme. ( History of Hip hop). Rap is a style that forces each paper to be different and thats why the younger generation likes it. The influence that the media has on rap music is greater that one thinks especially on the black race. In society today the media partially tells us how to live our lives. Moreover , every time something goes bad the media us the first to show it. Many kids watch television. In addition, if all they see are rappers getting arrested and people being killed, Just imagine what they will grow up to be. The media has so much power that it can even influence society in what to listen to. But the media can also help rappers to show how they gave back to society. There are positive rappers. Only if the media would portray them as such, then society would see how good rap rap produces, like building dreams and winning awards. One prime example of rap music at its greatest is when Lauren Hill, a famous rap artist, won six awards in the American Music Awards. She was the only female to win six awards on her first album. Explicit events like this is what defines rap music. But sometimes rap music gets negative publicity simply because of all the negative rappers involved in rap USIA. Over the past five years the rap industry has seen many of its famous rappers either sentenced to Jail or convicted of a crime. For example, Snoop Doggy Dog was charged with attempting murder back in 1993 in a drive by shooting. These negative rappers gave rap music a bad name and whether they realize it or not they are giving society a reason to hate rap music. If one wishes to remove a mountain he/she would have to start with removing each pebble at a time. (Barry White) Rap music like many other art music survive for so . Long is its true meaning, an expression of ones feelings. Moreover, rap music is a clear definition of what our ancestors fought for, which is the freedom of speech. Rap music is a clear definition of what our ancestors fought for, which is the freedom of speech. Rap Music is going to take a ling time before society sees it as a normal source of entertainment, but that doesnt mean that we should stop trying to defend it. To many times we have seen beautiful art destroyed simply because it was misinterpreted. Social acceptance will have to come sooner in order for rap music to survive in new millennium.

Summer Food Bid Rigging

Table of Contents Introduction Ethics Accountability Prevention Historical context References Introduction In bid rigging, companies collude in an auction in order to rig the results of an expected outcome in a certain bid. In the summer food bid rigging case, the Justice department charged several food vendors for colluding to bid rig supplies of worth US $ 210 Million; these were contracts to supply food for the city schools. The vendors had artificially inflated the prices by around ten percent; this was about US $ 21 million.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Summer Food Bid Rigging specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More While a total of thirteen vendors had been charged, six agreed to plead guilty and cooperate with the investigators; the vendors had actually agreed to submit some falsified statements. This was done with the purpose of stifling the competition that would otherwise be staged by a fair biddin g (Slade, 1987). The prosecution said that this bidding would deny the procurement of a better deal with a fair price. The rationale of the behaviour of bid rigging is that as oligopolistic group profit, maximization is of key importance. As a result of this, in order to get an incentive, they collude together to increase the profit margin (Stigler, 1964). Ethics In the public sector, the question of ethics is a core value in administration. Ethics places both a moral and legal duty to the public administrators to carryout their functions with due diligence. Ethics requires that accountability and transparency be upheld every time the public administrators are on duty. It forms a basis upon which the public can scrutinize the actions committed by the administrators. Ethical issues normally address the province of public administrators as public servants. It provides a benchmark upon which the actions of public administrators are supposed to work. The focal point of ethics in public administration normally lies upon the rationale and models that an administration may use in making decisions (Hausman Ruud, 1987). Public administrators normally make their decisions in accordance with a process that has four distinct levels (Cooper, 1990). The levels normally come out differently in decision making as they are influenced by different views. The Expressive Level where the decision maker responds to a certain situation with unreflective expressions of emotions that neither needs a reply nor attempt to be persuasive. The Level of Moral Rules: the responsive in this level are based upon the morals that we have acquired from morals that we have obtained through interaction from our social life and family.Advertising Looking for case study on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Level of Ethical Analysis: this depends on certain level of ethical benchmark that exists which should be used whe n making a decision (Hendricks Porter, 1989). This forms more or less of the code of action that is to be taken by the decision makers. The benchmark against bid rigging is the antitrust law which express forbids this. The post ethical level is the fourth level; this level involves questions that are surrounding the rationale for certain human actions. This level also includes philosophical examination of the importance and relevance of ethical standards to an individual. Accountability The public officers were supposed to be accountable to the public. This is because as public administrators they are public servants (Comanor Schankerman, 1976). The morality that stems from ethics also demands that the public service should be transparent for the best interest of the public (Douglas Michael, 1990). It is the duty of officers to make sure that the awarding of the contract goes to the lowest valued bidder but with the highest quality. Prevention Prevention of bid rigging can be don e through prequalifying the suppliers who wish to bid in the supply of the commodity. The state agency should first gather all the necessary information from the bidding companies (Porter Zona, 1993). This information shall be comprised of information such as the previous biddings by the same suppliers for similar supplies (Milgrom Weber, 1982). This shall make it possible for the government agencies to detect any irregularity and whether there exists any rigging in the bidding. The information that is relevant in this case shall include: The identities of the executive officers and the firms the work in. Declaration statement of whether any of the executive officers is affiliated or associated with other officers from other bidders in any other manner other that of business purposes. A cursory description of the firm’s assets and their capability to deliver A brief history of the bidder’s prior bidding and capability to deliver. Historical context All unfair trade practises and those trade practises that have been forbidden by the anti-trust laws were committed in this case (Loftus, 2010). These practises include price fixing, bid rigging among others; it should be noted that bid rigging activity has been there since time immemorial. There is the highway construction bid rigging concerned bidding on the construction tender. The case was later on decided and the constructor was acquitted. The acquittal does not mean that the bid rig was fair. References Comanor, W.S. Schankerman, M. (1976). â€Å"Identical Bids and Cartel Behaviour.† Bell Journal of Economics 7: 281-286.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Summer Food Bid Rigging specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Cooper, T. L. (1990). The responsible administrator: An approach to ethics for the administrative role, Third edition. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass, Inc. Publishers. Douglas, B. Michael, D. (1990) â₠¬Å"Multimarket Contact and Collusive Behaviour.† RAND Journal of Economics, The RAND Corporation, vol. 21(1), pages 1-26. Hausman, J. A, Ruud, P. A. (1987) â€Å"Specifying and Testing Econometric Models for Rank-Ordered Data.† Journal of Econometrics 34: 83-104. Hendricks, K Porter, H. (1989). â€Å"Collusion in Auctions.† Annales d’Economie et de Statistique 15/16 217-230. Loftus T (2010). Unresolved Legal Issues Remain In Bid-Rigging Case. Web. Milgrom, P. R Weber, R. J, (1982). â€Å"A Theory of Auctions and Competitive bidding.† Econometrical, Econometric Society, vol. 50(5), pp: 1089-1122. Porter, R. H Zona, J D, (1993). â€Å"Detection of Bid Rigging in Procurement Auctions.† Journal of Political Economy, University Of Chicago Press, vol. 101(3) pages 518-538.Advertising Looking for case study on public administration? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Slade, M. E., (1987). â€Å"Interfirm Rivalry In A Repeated Game: An Empirical Test Of Tacit Collusion.† Journal Of Industrial Economics, Wiley Blackwell vol 35(4) pgs 499-516. Stigler, G.J. (1964). A theory of oligopoly. The Journal of Political Economy, 72, 44– 61. This case study on Summer Food Bid Rigging was written and submitted by user Abby V. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.